Cbse notes class-10 social science

Resources and   development(Geography)
→Resources: Natural endowments in the form of land, water, vegetable and minerals are called natural resources. Resources are materials that can be transformed in such a way that they become more valuable and useful for fulfilling human needs.

→Resources can be classified in the following ways:

(a)On the basis of origin:
(i)Biotic-resource obtained from biosphere having life such as human beings, flora and fauna, fisheries etc.

(ii)Abiotic-Things which are composed of non-living such as rocks and metals.

(b)On the basis of exhaustibility:
(i)Renewable-Some resource can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanised processes.For example :solar and wind energy, water forests and wildlife.

(ii)Non-renewable-these occur over a very long geological time.Minerals and fossil fuels are examples of such resources.

(c)On the basis of Ownership:
(i)Individual-these resources are owned by private individuals.Plantation, pasture lands, ponds, water in wells etc are example of individual resources.

(ii)Community-These are resources which are accessible to all the members of the community.village common grazing ground , burial grounds, village ponds etc are example of community resources.

(iii)National-All resources belong to the nation.All the minerals, water resource, forests, wildlife, land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upon 12   nautical miles(19.2km)from the coast termed as territorial water and resources there in belong to the nation.

(iv)International-These are international institutions which regulate some resources.for example: The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Executive Economic Zone belong to open ocean and no individual can use it without the concurrence of international institutions.

(d)On the basis of development:
(i)Potential -These are resource found in a region but have not been utilised.for example:
Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for development of solar and wind energy but till now it is not put to use.

(ii)Developed-These are resources which are surveyed and their quality have been determined for utilisation.

(iii)Stock-Materials in the environment which have the potential to satisfy human needs but human beings do not have the appropriate technology to access these ,are included among stock.

(iv)Resource-These are the subset of the stock which can be put into use with the help of  existing technical 'know how' but their use has not been started.

→Resource Planning:This is a technique or skill of proper utilization of resources.Resource planning  consists of three stages-

•Identification and inventory of resources -Involves surveying ,mapping and measurement of characteristics and properties of resources.

•Implemtation of resources development plans,which involves creating a planing structure equipped with appropriate technology,skill and institutional set up.

•Matching the resources development plans with overall national development plans.

Land and soil as Resource

→Land resources:India has a variety of relief features like Mountains,plateaus and plains .43℅of the country is covered by plains and they provide cultivable land for growing crops.30% of the country is covered by Mountain and they provide natural resources like forests and wildlife.27% of the country is covered by plateaus which contain mineral resources,forests and some arable land .

→Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million square kilometres.46.24℅land of the total land area of India is the net sown area.45.26℅ is covered by forests,4.17℅ is cultivable waste ,3.37% is fallow land,4.71% are permanent pastures,4.95℅ land is not available for cultivation and 1.50℅ is covered by miscellaneous tree crops.

→The land use pattern in india is determined by both physical factors such as topography,climate,soil types as well as human factors such as population density, technological capability,culture and traditions etc.

→The degradation of natural vegetation is caused by overgrazing by animals,deforestation,careless management of forests and degradation of land.At present,about 130 million hectares of degraded land exists in india.

→Soil as a Resource:

→Soil Formation:

•

→Soil Types:The soils of india are classified into the following types –

1.Alluvial soil 2.Black soil 3.Red and Yellow soil 4.Laterite soil 5.Arid Soil, 6. Forest soil 7.Mountain soil.

•Alluvial Soil:It is of two types-khadar and bangar .It is found mainly in the northern plains and coastal strips of the eastern coast.

•Black soil:It is derived from the Deccan Traps.It occurs in areas like Maharashtra,western madhya Pradesh and Gujarat .It is known for the cultivation of cotton.

•Red and Yellow soil:This soil develops on crystalline igneous rocks in area of low rainfall in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan plateau .Yellow and red soil are also found in parts of odisha , chhattisgarh.

•Mountain soil:It is characterised by the deposition of organic materials derived from the vegetative covers .It is found is Meghalaya ,Arunachal Pradesh,Eastern ranges, Uttarakhand,Himachal Pradesh,and Jammu & kashmir.

•Laterite soil :It is the intensively leached soil of the monsoon climate .It is found in the hills of the Deccan,karnataka,kerala,odisha and parts of Assam and Meghalaya.

•Arid soil:It is found in the arid areas of rajasthan,Punjab and haryana.

•Forest soil:These soils are found in the hilly and mountainous areas where sufficient rain forests exists.They are found in the source covered areas of the Himalayas.

→Soil Erosion:The removal of soil from one place to another by some natural agent is called soil erosion.Conservation of lands and various methods such as contour ploughing ,Terrance farming ,shelter belts, Plantation of trees etc.are the methods adopted to reduce soil erosion.

→Measures for soil Conservation

●contour ploughing

●Terrance farming

●Strip cropping 

●Shelter belts of trees

●Plugging of gullies

●Afforestation

●Control of mining activities


1. Multiple Choice Questions

Question 1: Which one of the following type of resource is iron ore?
Answer: (c) Non-renewable

Question 2: Under which of the following type of resource can tidal energy be put?
Answer: (a) Replenishable

Question 3: Which one of the following is the main cause of land degradation in Punjab?
Answer: (b) Over-irrigation

Question 4: In which one of the following states is terrace cultivation practised?
Answer: (c) Uttar Pradesh

Question 5: In which of the following states is black soil found?
Answer: (b) Maharashtra

2. Answer the following questions in about 30 words:

Question 1: Name three states having black soil and the crop which is mainly grown in it.
Answer: Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat are the three states with black soil. Cotton is mainly grown in black soil due to its moisture-retentive properties.

Question 2: What type of soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast? Give three main features of this type of soil.
Answer: Alluvial soil is found in the river deltas of the eastern coast.

  • It is very fertile and ideal for crop cultivation.
  • Contains adequate potash, phosphoric acid, and lime, which supports agriculture.
  • It is mostly suited for growing paddy, sugarcane, and pulses.

Question 3: What steps can be taken to control soil erosion in the hilly areas?
Answer:

  • Terrace farming: Creating steps on slopes to reduce water runoff.
  • Contour ploughing: Ploughing along the contour lines to slow down water flow.
  • Afforestation: Planting trees to hold soil firmly and prevent erosion.

Question 4: What are the biotic and abiotic resources? Give some examples.
Answer:

  • Biotic resources are derived from living organisms, such as forests, animals, and fisheries.
  • Abiotic resources are non-living, including minerals, water, and wind.

3. Answer the following questions in about 120 words:

Question 1: Explain land use pattern in India and why has the land under forest not increased much since 1960-61?
Answer: In India, land use is divided into several categories: net sown area, forest land, land not available for cultivation, and other uncultivated lands. The land under forest has not increased significantly since 1960-61 due to increasing demands for agricultural land, urbanisation, and industrial expansion, which lead to deforestation. Though efforts for reforestation and afforestation are ongoing, they have not kept pace with the loss of forest cover.

Question 2: How have technical and economic development led to more consumption of resources?
Answer: Technical advancements have enabled efficient resource extraction, leading to increased resource consumption. Economic development fuels demand for infrastructure, manufacturing, and energy, resulting in overuse of resources. Growing industries and transportation also raise consumption, leading to the depletion of non-renewable resources, deforestation, and pollution, all of which impact sustainability.