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Cbse notes class-10th Social Sciences geography.Chapter-1 Development Economic
National Development
Development is the sum total of income plus quality of life. Besides seeking more income one way or another, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, respect of others, etc.
→Different people have different goals in their life. what may be development for one may not be development for another. This can be understood by the following example:To get more electricity, an industrialist may want more dams. But this may submerge the land and disrupt the lives of people who are displaced, such as tribes.
→One common thing among all people is the desire for more income .with this income they buy goods and services for their daily needs.Quality of life depends on non-material things also.For example job may give you less pay but may offer regular employment that enhances your sense of security.
→Ideas of development differ at individual and national level .for example, a landless rural labourer may desiree more days of work and better wages at individual level;but at national level he may want good educational and health facilities in local area.
→The average income can be calculated by dividing national income by the population.It is also called per capita income.
→Standard of living of people in a country depends on their per capita income.Countries with higher per capita income are more developed than others with less per capita income.
→Education and health also play an important role in the country's development.To know about other criteria we should be familiar with some term:
(I) Infant Mortality Rate(IMF):
(II)Literacy Rate:
(III)Net Attendance Ratio:
Public Facilities
→Public facilities are those which are provided by the government to satisfy collective needs of the people.Example-schools, hospitals, Community halls, etc.It is the best and the cheapest way to provide these goods and services collectivity .Public facilities play an essential role in providing support services to create viable, sustainable ,healthy and cohesive communities,overcoming social barriers and increasing achivements.
→Human development index is the quality of life -index prepared by UNDP.
It has some indicators such as:
•Life Expectancy at Birth:It denotes average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
•Per Capital Income:It is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared .
→Human development report published by UNDP is useful for comparison between different countries regarding the educational level of their health status and per capita income.
→In some states,the public Distribution system(PDS)functions well .If a PDS shop,i.e.,ration shop,does not function property at any place,the people there are able to get the problem rectified.Health and nutritional status of people of such states is certainly likely to be better.
Sustainability of Development
→Sustainable development is that process which fulfil the needs of present generation,without causing any harm to the ability of the future generation to meet their own needs.
The various measures for sustainable development are:
→Controlling over -explotitation and creating an awareness to provide sustainable development.
→Increased use of renewable resources.
→less use of fossil fuels.
→Introduction of organic farming.
→Adopting measures to reduce global warming.
→It requires preservation of stock of resources including exhaustible natural resources and environmental resources.
→Recent studies show that groundwater in India is exhausted because of its overuse.1/3rd of the country is overusing its groundwater Reserves.
Another area of concern is exhaustion of natural resources of crude oil would last only for 46 years more in the whole if it is used at this pace.
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